To assesse the iron and silicon effects on the yield and physiological CHARACTERISTICS of green pea, Wando cultivar by ASGrow Corporation was used in three levels of iron chelate (0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 gr per l-1) and silicon (0, 14 and 28 mg per l-1), as a factorial experimental in completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, characterisics such as fresh and dry weight of grain, the number of grain per pod, concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Si in LEAF and grain were measured. Results showed that the interaction of Fe and Si was significant at p<0.01 on grain fresh and dry wigeht, concentratin of LEAF and grain Fe, LEAF Mn, LEAF and grain Zn and LEAF Si and the application of Fe and Si was significant separately, on other traits such as number of grain per pod, concentration of LEAF and grain Cu, Mn and Si in grain.  The Mean squares showed that the application of Fe and Si significantly increased fresh and dry grain weight and Si laef concetration and decreased the concentratin of LEAF and grain Fe and Mn as well as grain Mn.  The enhancement of Fe and Si application separately decreased the concentration of Mn, Cu and zinc LEAF and grains, but the Si concentration of LEAF and grain were increased by Si application. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were decreased in LEAF and grain because of antagonistic effects. It can be concluded that Si reduces the harmfull effects of high levels of iron toxicity and the application of 0.1 g/l and 25 mg/l can be recommended as the best treatments.

Whereas reducing carbon pollutant and fossil fuel energy consumption have become the most important environmental and economic concerns in the world, electric vehicles and their cooling system are in automotive industry manufacturers and designers agendum more than ever. Various motor electromagnetic and mechanical losses act as heat sources and could lead to performance falloff and premature exhaustion indisputably, if they don’, t dissipate by an appropriate cooling system. Thus, in present work, a model has been prepared in Motor-CAD software for Nissan LEAF’, s BPM electric motor and after modelling various losses in it by means of 2D and 3D simulations with finite element method, it has been attentively investigated in terms of cooling system performance and hotspot temperatures and locations in four popular distinct standard driving cycles. It has been revealed in results that diversities in driving patterns can lead to different thermal reactions in vehicle’, s electric motor. These changes can even rearrange thermal critical points and move hotspots to different parts of motor. Beside quantitative point of maximum temperatures, various transient responses have been monitored in simulations results and hotspot location moved differently in each cycle. Main novelty of the present research is clarifying the point that in order to design an efficient and suitable cooling system for electric motors in vehicles, driving pattern CHARACTERISTICS must be taken into account.

Background and Objectives: Accurate measurements of LEAF area are important for agronomic and physiological studies. LEAF area can be calculated in two ways: direct and indirect. Direct methods for determining LEAF area are a destructive method and need a planimeter to measure the total LEAF area attached to shoots which are all time-consuming and tedious approaches. All direct methods are similar in that they are difficult, extremely labor-intensive, require many replicates to account for spatial variability in the canopy, and are therefore costly in terms of time and money and also destructive. In the indirect methods, LEAF area was estimated through some crop vegetative CHARACTERISTICS which are less costly and time-consuming. Therefore, the objective of the present study is to examine different relationships between LEAF area and some vegetative CHARACTERISTICS in safflower and to select the best characteristic for estimating LEAF area.Materials and Methods: The field experiment was conducted with four safflower cultivars (411, Sina, Esfahan and Sofeh) in three planting dates (4April, 25 April and 16 May 2012) as arrangement factorial in randomized complete blocks design. During the growing season, every 5 or 10 days, the LEAF area was measured by the planimeter (T Devices, Cambridge, UK). At the same time, LEAF dry weight (LDW), stem dry weight (SDW), vegetative dry weight (VDW), node number on main stem (MSNN) and LEAF number on main stem (MSLN) were measured. The relationships between LEAF area and these vegetative CHARACTERISTICS were examined by the regression. Consequently, the best characteristic for estimating LEAF area was selected by the high R2, r and low RMSD.Results: In this study, regression models were developed for estimating LEAF area (LA) from measurements of main stem LEAF number (MSLN), and main stem node number (MSNN), LEAF dry weight (LDW), stem dry weight (LDW) and vegetative dry weight (VDW). On the basis of RMSD and coefficient correlation (r) between predicted and observed LEAF area, LDW was found to be the best independent characteristic for determining the LEAF area by the linear model. The values of RMSD varied from 39.9 to 61.4 and the values of r were higher than 0.96. Once there was no significant difference between model coefficients across cultivars we pooled all data and obtained a generalized linear model for estimating LA in all cultivars (LA=10.6+102.2LDW) with RMSD=52 and r=0.96.Discussions: Overall, this study suggests that in the absence of planimeter device, it may be appropriate to estimate LEAF area using the relationship between LA and LDW. Also, because of the close relationship between LDW and LA than other relationships, this relationship can be used to estimate LEAF area in simulation models.

Improving participation in voluntary activities in Iran is important because increasing productivity among young people, given the country's young population, contributes to community sustainability. Therefore, a better understanding of volunteer motivation in Iranian youth is needed. The Volunteer Functions Inventory (VFI) for assessing volunteer motivations has good psychometric properties and is adapted to several languages, but no validated Iranian translation yet exists. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric CHARACTERISTICS of voluntary functions inventory in members of Iranian Red Crescent Society. Sample size was 595 members of Youth Organization of Iranian Red Crescent Society from 31 provinces and 175 cities of Iran that were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and responded to voluntary functions inventory. Data were collected using a demographic sample and voluntary functions inventory (VFI). Confirmatory factor analysis using principal components method was used for data analysis. The results of the present study showed that the voluntary functions inventory had validity and reliability. Also, the factor structure showed that 29 items and 6 factors well assess people's attitudes to volunteering, and the structure of this inventory was well-fitted and confirmed all goodness of fit models. The present study provides the use of the Iranian translation of the Voluntary Functions Inventory (6 scales and 29 items) to assess volunteer motivation among young Iranian volunteers.

Background: In developing countries like India, cobalt-60 machines still find their applicability, considering the cost and maintenance issues. With a view to deliver conformal treatment plans using teletherapy machines, an automated Multi-LEAF Collimator (MLC) was developed for the existing machines as a retrofit attachment to the collimator assembly without any modifications to the unit. Objective: This study aims to investigate the radiation CHARACTERISTICS of LEAF designs incorporated in two add-on prototype MLC systems with respect to the shape of LEAF projected at the isocenter plane and the isodose distribution around the target. Besides, the dosimetric CHARACTERISTICS of prototype MLC with divergent LEAF design are validated through simulation and experimental measurements. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, two add-on prototype MLC systems were designed and fabricated. The characteristic measurements of LEAF designs incorporated in both the prototypes were carried out using Gafchromic films (GAF) and compared with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. For divergent LEAF design, beam profiles were obtained using Monte Carlo simulations which are complemented with the results obtained from measurements of radiochromic films and ionization chamber (IC) profiler. Dosimetric CHARACTERISTICS like radiation field width and beam penumbra were evaluated. Results: The Monte Carlo simulated data are in agreement with experimental data from IC profiler as well as from Radiochromic films. The results of this study are well within acceptable tolerance limits. Conclusion: The prototype MLC system designed for existing telecobalt machines supports its clinical applicability for conformal therapy to better manage treatment in rural areas, which can provide superior cost effective treatments.

Fagus orientalis Lipsky is one of the main Hyrcanian tree elements that distributed throughout Hyrcanian forests from Astara to Ziarat vally in Gorgan. Knowing the specific CHARACTERISTICS of LEAF stomata in these populations, in addition to its systemic value, assists further identify their adoption to the specific ecological conditions. The seedlings of four populations in throughout the north including two elevations were transferred to the greenhouse and grown under the same environmental conditions. The stomata CHARACTERISTICS were studied on sampling from LEAF attached to the seedling including total, close and open stomata densities in square millimeter, stomata dimensions and area, length and wide of guard cells in thousandth of micron and stomata type. The most effective traits were determinate by Factor analysis. In this method, the factors extraction was done using principal component analysis that had most variances. The Pearson correlation between the scores of the extracted factors and climate variables and altitude was used to determine the relationship between environmental factors and the traits. The results showed that the type of stomata was anomocytic and the most of traits had significant differences among the populations so that stomata density was increased from west to east, but the area of the aperture reduced. The significant correlation between stomata CHARACTERISTICS and the factors such as temperature, precipitation and elevation were observed. Generally, the discriminant function analysis indicated that there was differences between Kheyrood in high and down elevation and also Shastkolateh and Shafaroud populations.

This study was carried out in order to determine the leave CHARACTERISTICS of some chestnut genotypes in the Central Black Sea Region of Turkey and also to determine whether the LEAF morphometric CHARACTERISTICS could be used for differentiation of genotypes. In this study, seven chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) genotypes (SA5-1, SE 3-12, SE 21-2, SE 21-9, 552-8, 556-7 and 556-8) and one cultivar (Sariaslama) were used. Some LEAF parameters such as lamina length, lamina width, LEAF length, LEAF area, petiole length, teeth width, teeth length, stomatal density, stomata width, stomata length, lamina width/lamina length, lamina width/LEAF length, petiole length/lamina length, stomatal index, distance between the lateral veins and teeth width/teeth length were measured. Most of the chestnut genotypes could be differentiated easily by using LEAF morphometric CHARACTERISTICS. The lamina width, lamina length, LEAF length, distance between the lateral veins, LEAF area, stomata width, stomata length and the ratios of teeth width/teeth length, lamina width/lamina length and lamina width/LEAF length were better discriminators for chestnut genotypes.

Tomato LEAF curl virus (TLCY, Family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) is a whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted geminivirus (WTG) causing a destructive disease of tomato in many regions of India, East Asia and Australia. While TLCY isolates from Australia, Bangalore (India) and Taiwan and Tomato yellow LEAF curl virus (TYLCY) isolates from different regions of Asia, Europe and America have a single genomic component (designated DNA A), those from Northern India and Thailand have two components (DNA A and DNA B). Previously, TYLCY-like geminiviruses have been identified from southern provinces of Iran causing LEAF curling, stunting, and severe reduction in fruits of tomato plants in the fields. We have used degenerate DNA A specific PCR primers to clone part of the genome of an Iranian isolate of TLCY (TLCY-Ir) from field-infected tomato plants growing in Iranshahr, Sistan-Baluchestan Province. Degenerate DNA B-specific PCR primers did not amplify a putative DNA B from infected tomato under conditions that DNA B fragments were amplified from plants infected with Tomato golden mosaic virus, a known bipartite begomovirus. The full-length 2763 nucleotide DNA A genome of TLCY-Ir was sequenced and compared to Iranian isolate of TYLCY (TYLCY-Ir, previously sequenced by Bananej et al., (GcnBank accession No. AJ 132711) isolated from tomato in the same region.As other monopartite TLCV and TYLCV isolates, both TLCV-Ir and TYLCV-Ir genomes contain six open reading frames, two on the virion-sense strand and four on the complementary-sense strand. Sequence comparisons indicated that TLCV-Ir is substantially different from TYLCV-Ir with only 79% nucleotide sequence identity. Phylogenetic analysis showed while the TYLCV-Ir represents an isolate of TYLCV-Israel (TYLCV-Is) group, the TLCV-Ir is closer to TLCV isolates from southern India (TLCVs-Bangalore 2-5) which are most similar to other WTGs infecting tomato and cotton in Pakistan, India and East Asia and differ substantially from T(Y)LCVs of the Middle East, America, Europe and Australia.Presence of two tomato - infecting begomoviruses in the same area provides a favorable environment for recombination of these viruses.